Fda s Position On Regulation Of Drug Promotion And...

FDA s position on regulation of drug promotion and advertising has undergone a very interesting pathway, and this is clearly reflected in the way they have enacted their regulations. This process has not been spontaneous but rather a result of extemporaneous pressure and events. Initially, as the pharmaceutical industry was growing and rapidly developing, it was also unmonitored, and the claims they made about the products they advertised posed a risk for the consumers given the freedom they had to promote them. For example, the Pure Food and Drug Act was signed in 1906, but it was not stringent enough to prevent the sale of harmful substances: it was directed towards product labeling, and did not have any restrictions about advertising. This evidently created a loophole because it addressed only the topic of misbranding and label content, while false claims that were not included in the label were not prohibited. The tremendous growth experienced by advertising for food, drugs and cosmetics created a demand for the legislation that took place in 1938, the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act, where FDA was granted greater powers to regulate the industry. This was sharpened by the Sulfanilamide disaster that occurred in 1937: again, law of action-reaction ma nifested, and this is exactly what I find the most interesting, how regulations have been made as a result or response to particular events. More than a preventive strategy, it has always been a reactive one. ButShow MoreRelated Tobacco Advertisements1733 Words   |  7 Pagesprecedent in court that was passed based on these advertisements, and current trends in tobacco advertisements today. The first print tobacco advertisements that used celebrities as the main focus of the advertisements came about during the 1950’s in America. Huge celebrities such as Phillip Morris would endorse cigarette smoking in print advertisements. This type of marketing technique involves many social psychological theories. One theory is the Social Impact Theory. According to three authorsRead MorePharmaceutical Industry Ethical Practices13569 Words   |  55 Pageschoices 12 Competition among drug companies yields innovation 13 From Patients to Medical Consumer 13 Alphabetical Listing of Worldwide Pharmaceutical Companies 15 Fortune 500, Top 12 Companies 22 Pharmaceutical Companies of Pakistan 24 Multinational origin Pharmaceutical units operating in Pakistan 24 Top ten (10) companies in 2008 26 Top 20 national pharmaceutical companies 26 Laws for Pharmaceutical Marketing Worldwide 27 Food and Drug Administration  (FDA) 27 Laws for PharmaceuticalRead MoreThe Effects Of E Cigarettes On The United States5297 Words   |  22 Pages(Schroeder). Nicotine is a chemical that is produced by the tobacco plant. People have discovered that by smoking the leaves of a tobacco plant the nicotine in the leaves is delivered into the bloodstream. Nicotine by itself is not an awful drug as far as drugs go, although it is highly addictive, it is the tar in cigarettes that does so much damage. Tobacco use remains the number one preventable cause of death in the U.S. with 480,000 Americans dying prematurely from tobacco related disease. KickingRead MoreEssay LEG 500 Assignment 33271 Words   |  14 PagesEthical Considerations in Marketing, Product Safety, and Intellectual Property Sam Cook Dr. William Stone LEG 500 August 28, 2013 1. Research three to five (3-5) ethical issues relating to marketing and advertising, intellectual  property, and regulation of product safety. When looking at PharmaCARE’s relationship with the Colberians, you see that the company’s treatment of the indigenous population is unethical. In terms of intellectual property, the scenario in AssignmentRead MoreMerck : A World Class Reputation3129 Words   |  13 PagesUnder his leading, Merck opened up several therapeutic areas and enhanced its reputation for bringing â€Å"blockbusters† to drug market. During the 1980s, Merck’s sales more than doubled and profits tripled. During 1987-1990, Merck ranked in top 10 most valuable companies in Businessweek. 2. Problem Statement Merck Co. is a global leading position pharmaceutical company that is into drug research and production. However Merck suffered market share decrease from early 1990s while whole the sales of humanRead MoreMarketing Plan for Pharmasim3854 Words   |  16 Pagesmanagement team at the over-the-counter cold medicine (OCM) group of Allstar Brands is looking to utilize revenue generated by Allround to help fund new opportunities in emerging markets. Therefore, it is critical that Allround maintain its market-leading position in terms of market share, profitability, and sales in order to fund these new initiatives. While Allround is a leader in brand awareness and brand most frequently purchased, there are direct competitors to Allround. These competitors offer variousRead MorePfizer Competitor Analysis3807 Words   |  16 PagesIndustry-Oncology Pharmaceuticals Executive Summary The value that the branded pharmaceutical industry adds to the US economy is growing slower than US GDP (Snyder, 2012). Rivalry has intensified while the rate of blockbuster drug development has slowed due to an increase in regulation from the government and the industry trade association, PhRMA. The number of new entrants is fairly low and some are exiting or consolidating through mergers and acquisitions. Downstream and upstream factors are crucialRead MoreFast Food1915 Words   |  8 Pagesand weaknesses whilst an external analysis considered the opportunities and threats posed to McDonald’s as market leader. Finally, short and long term strategic and tactical recommendations were outlined in order to enhance McDonald’s competitive position within the global fast-food industry. These recommendations are both realistic and well supported, based upon the evaluation of their current strategy and activities. 3 2. Introduction The global fast-food industry is dynamic with a variety ofRead MoreMonster Energy Essay11236 Words   |  45 PagesAnalysis Monster Beverage Corporation The Hansen Beverage company (recently changing their name to Monster Beverage Corporation on January 5th of 2012), was a family owned and operated company in the 1930’s, selling freshly squeezed juices to local film studios. In the 1970’s, one of the Hansen brothers decided to transition their beverage business into marketing ‘natural sodas’. This was the upturn of the company that led them to where they are today. Today, Monster Beverage Corp. hasRead MoreCogave+Energy+Drink+Marketing+Plan7253 Words   |  30 PagesCustomer Needs 7 Geographic Area 7 VI. Target Market Strategy 7 Target Market 7 VII. Positioning Strategy 9 Future Target Market 10 VIII. Marketing Mix 11 Customer (Product) 11 Cost (Price) 12 Capabilities (Place) 14 Competition (Promotion) 15 IX. Action Plan 16 X. Long Term Objectives 17 I. Executive Summary The Cogavà ©m brand was inspired by a growing demand for a natural and healthy alternative to the current energy drink market. Our flagship product, Cogavà ©m, includes

Online Games Addiction And Its Effects On Society - 810 Words

It is widely agreed that the internet is one of the best innovations that has facilitated the life of humanity in the last twentieth century. It has aided most of researchers around the world to develop their studies in different areas such as medical and academic fields since the internet has made the finding of information much easier than before. However, the excessive use of the internet can lead to serious problems that may influence people health and can cause mental and medical complications because some users are mainly dependent on online chat rooms, interactive games and stocks market and spend most of their leisure time using this communication medium without considering their lifestyle that include diet habits. This situation is called the internet addiction. There are several types of addictive use of the internet so online games addiction is one of the most issues that is rapidly spreading among children and adolescents. It is a situation that is characterized by overpl aying internet games with others and these games may affect the personality of the gamer. This essay will discuss online games addiction and will present some information that show how this issue has become a phenomenon in the last decade. The number of internet users in the world have increased rapidly among adults and children especially who have played these games excessively. In 2012, the number of people who played computer games reached more than one billion; in addition, the proportionShow MoreRelatedViolent Video Games And Violence1533 Words   |  7 Pagesmany individuals have jumped to rash conclusions regarding the causes of such events by linking violent video games with violence in the youth population. Even more discerning individuals have also criticized the role of violent video games in encouraging people to become mass murderers. With these opinions gaining popularity in the mass media, it has become the predominant belief of society to explain why there are more shootings recently. Such claims are usually driven by opinionated reasoning insteadRead MoreOnline Gaming Issues1170 Words   |  5 Pages \ The Addiction of Online Gaming Online gaming is becoming a major concern in the world today. Online gaming is becoming more and more popular among various ages in today’s society. Along with this becoming popular, it is starting to become known as an addition as well. . The addiction of the game is causing serious negative psychological effects. These negative psychological effects are not only affecting the life of the one playing, but it is also affects the life’s of the ones closest to themRead MoreJust One More Hour...1031 Words   |  5 Pagesto the game, when you get there you tell yourself, â€Å"Just a few more hours and I’m going to get off and get some rest.† You’re in the zone when the phone rings, another jolt from reality. It’s your buddy and it is now 6:00 p.m. and you still haven’t slept. He wants to know if you want to hang out, go get a bite to eat, or maybe have a few beers at the bar. You tell him you’re not feeling well and you donâ€⠄¢t feel like going out. He’s doesn’t say anything, but he knows you’re playing that game and saysRead MoreSocial Network and Its Effect on Poor Students Academic Performance1051 Words   |  5 PagesSOCIAL NETWORK AND ITS EFFECT ON POOR STUDENTS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram are the example famous social network that becomes the best choice among the students, especially university students. Social network can defines as site of grouping of individuals into specific groups, like small rural communities or a neighbourhood subdivision. Nowadays, the social network is a necessary communication tool that has emerged in the field of information and communication technologyRead MoreTime Vs. Computer Addiction882 Words   |  4 Pagesthis technology. The overuse, or obsession can cause individuals to neglect others, as well as self. This behavior can result to computer addiction. Obligations can be neglected, because too much time is spent on the computer. According to Wieland, â€Å"Young claims there were 56 million internet users in 1997. Extrapolating from prevalence rates of other addictions, 5-10 percent of users will most likely experience IAD.† Young’s survey suggest that too much time on the computer during the week and onRead MoreNegative Effects Of Internet Addiction935 Words   |  4 Pagesmake your work or study but ended up playing video games and surfing the internet? It is believed that a lot of people feel like this. Nowadays, we live in a world with highly developed internet and electronic devices. The highly advanced internet makes our lives better, which is non-debatable, but there are also some drawbacks brought up by improper internet usage and one of the most influential symptoms is Internet addiction. Internet addiction affects people by causing the deterioration of theRead MoreVideo Game Addiction Essay970 Words   |  4 Pagesabout video game addiction. Life is full of many stages and mileston es that everyone must encounter one of the largest and most important ones is the teenage stage of people’s life. During our teen years we usually figure out who we are and who we want to be. Do you want to be the gamer who stays home all day and play video games or go out with friends? Some people would rather spend a beautiful weekend inside playing video games instead of going out. Just like most other things video games can affectRead MoreHow Internet Chat Rooms Are Dangerous. During This Day1071 Words   |  5 Pagesparents are so blind to what is really going on. Cyberbullying Cyber-bullying has been a problem for a very long time. Due to the development of our technology today, cyber-bullying has become one of the most difficult issues to resolve in our society. Since cyber-bullying issues are more likely to happen at schools, social networking, and mobile phones; Teachers, principals, and parents are responsible to monitor, prevent, and punish cyberbullying. The expectations of most parents of the schoolRead MoreThe Influence Of Internet Addiction1053 Words   |  5 Pages Instructor: Ranjani Ramesh Date: Oct.05 2017 The Influence of Internet Addiction Have you been though things such as you open up your laptop to do your work or study but ended up playing video games and surfing on internet? It is believed that a great amount of people feel like this. Nowadays, we live in a world with highly developed internet and electronic devices. Highly advancedRead MoreOnline Gambling And Its Effects On Society967 Words   |  4 PagesIn modern society, technological advancements have caused casino gambling to shift to online, â€Å"on-the-go†, gambling. Online gambling can be effortlessly accessible to anyone over the legal age as required by various jurisdictions. Margee Hume and Gillian Mort argue that youth misperceive the definition of â€Å"gambling†, as they believe gambling is a hobby from which one can receive rewards such as money (119). As a result, those gambling for rewards, do not generally acknowledge the possible negative

Price Mechanism in a Capitalist Economy Free Essays

In a capitalist economy, all the central problems are solved with the help of price mecha ­nism. In such an economy, no individual or a firm deliberately tries to solve the central problems; all economic activities operate automatically and there is no conflict anywhere. The basic reason for all this is that price mechanism brings about co-ordination in various sectors of economy and in various eco ­nomic activities. We will write a custom essay sample on Price Mechanism in a Capitalist Economy or any similar topic only for you Order Now The important characteristic of such a system is that it is automatic and there is no institution or agency which regulates or operates it. The basis of price mechanism is that every commodity or service has a price which is determined with the help of supply and demand. Every commodity is bought and sold through money. If a person sells his services or commodity, he gets money and in lieu thereof he can buy goods and services which he needs. If there are more buyers of a commodity, its demand goes up and producers increase its production. On the other hand, if a commodity is available in abundance, its supply increases, with the result its price goes down and producers reduce its production. Whenever there is a difference or dis ­equilibrium between supply and demand, price starts changing, with the result this difference disappears and again an equilibrium is established between supply and demand. demand and supply curves intersect each other at point E where price is OP and equilibrium output OQ. According to the schedule equilibrium price will be Rs. 10 because at this price demand and supply are equal. In a capitalist economy, all the central problems are solved with the help of price mechanism. Now we would sec as to how all the central problems—what to produce, how to produce and for whom to produce—arc solved with the help of price mechanism. 1. What to produce? In a capitalist economy, production of a commodity is decided by the forces of demand and supply. As the production of a commodity depends upon its demand and supply, in the same way aggregate output is determined by aggregate demand and aggregate supply. The level of output where aggregate demand and aggregate supply are equal is finally fixed as equilibrium output. In the aggregate output, what should be the quantities of different commodities. This decision is also taken by the equilibrium of demand and supply of different commodities. The production of the commodity is increased whose price goes up as a result of increase in its demand. On the other hand, if the demand of a commodity declines, its production is reduced. 2. How to produce? As the competition among consumers decides as to what goods should be produced, in the same way, the competition among the producers decides as to how goods should be produced. A commodity can be produced adopting a number of techniques. The method or technology which is the cheapest is adopted and the one which is costlier is abandoned. Therefore, the decision as to how goods should be produced depends on the prices of factors. A producer combines various factors for producing a commodity in such a way so that his production cost is minimum. For example, coal and diesel both can be used as fuel. If coal is cheaper in comparison to diesel, coal would be used and reverse would be the case if diesel is cheaper. In this way, the choice of technique of production or the factor combination depends upon the factor prices. In a country where there is abundance of labour and wages are low, more of labour and less of capital! would be used. On the other hand, in a country where there is less of labour and more of capital, capital-intensive techniques would be used. 3. For whom to produce? In a capitalist economy, production of commodities depends upon the buying capacity of the consumers in the market. It is a well known fact that the paying capacity of a consumer depends upon his purchasing power or his income. Besides this, the income of a consumer depends upon the fact as to how much his services are demanded. Higher the demand for a person’s services, higher would be his income. If the income of a consumer is more, his capacity to buy is more. In such a situation, production will be carried out for such persons whose incomes are more or who can pay. Therefore, in a capitalist economy, it is observed that price-mechanism facilitates more production of luxuries meant for rich people and less production of goods of mass consumption meant for poor people. How to cite Price Mechanism in a Capitalist Economy, Essay examples

Voting Age 16 free essay sample

Meanwhile, the Electoral Commissions Sam Younger (true to his surname) has backed an independent review of the current voting age. The Minister for Young People, John Denham, has agreed to look closely at its findings, due the end of this year. The reformers case is strong, and could in practice count as an historic innovation. Most countries where the age of political majority is already lower (the key exception is Brazil) are dictatorships preoccupied with demographics and spin. The campaign for reducing the age of political majority is gathering pace globally, but reakthroughs have so far only been local : in regions (like Scotland, where some local authorities permit 16-year olds to vote in council elections) and in cities such as Cambridge, Massachusetts, whose city council supports votes at 17, and Hanover, which pioneered the voting at 16 that is now the rule in many German states. So Britain has a chance of becoming the first-ever European country to give kids of sixteen the vote. But why should we (or they) take the plunge? The reformers point to the legal precedents. At sixteen, they say, young people can leep together, marry (without parental consent in Scotland) and have children. All sixteen year olds can be company directors, or be tried by Jury in Crown Court and locked up, or change their name by deed poll, or leave school. Young men (women have to wait another year) can even Join some sections of the armed forces. Reformers add that young people are living in social conditions far different than those in which their parents were teenagers. The battle for the right to define and protect youth culture was fought and won a full generation ago culminating (on January 1st 1970) in the reduction of the voting age from 21 to 18. Since then, reformers say, young people have become more worldly wise. Pressured by advertising and the sexualisation of their bodies, teenage hormones change earlier, and faster. The rights of young people not to be abused, beaten or exploited are gathering pace. Youth parliaments and school councils are multiplying. Young people have their vernacular, their opinions, music and dress sense. From this school year, theres also the new citizenship curriculum, which could well make teenagers as a hole politically more knowledgeable than many adults. The reformers issue a warning : the right to vote and the obligation to take an interest in public affairs should be extended to sixteen and seventeen year olds in order to raise their flagging rising) levels of interest in politics, broadly understood. Yet youth are annoyed by governments, parties and politicians, who are condemned as lying sleazebags, irrelevant bores, and worse. Such reactions, the reformers say, reflects the chasm thats come between youth and politics. The solution : bridge the gap by bringing parliamentary politics to them. The opponents of reform sound nervous, and arent averse to moralising. Note the strong parallels, in the history of modern democracy, with the language of those who opposed the emancipation of slaves, or who resisted granting the vote to male workers, or women, or colonial subjects. The conservatives say that kids lack maturity. That means that their ability to think logically through an argument, to understand cause and effect, and to take responsibility for their own actions, is sub- standard. The claim is of course circular and true by definition : kids are naturally kids. Maturity has no history. Youth and politics will never mix. So it follows that teenagers, in their imprudence, will misuse the vote. At sixteen (says Ellie Levenson of the Fabian Society) teenagers are at their most rebellious and negative stage, a time when they are more keen on making a statement than acting responsibly. Like hysterical suffragettes bent on dragging passions into politics, or ill-mannered nineteenth-century workers, young people are a danger unto themselves. Let us not provide, runs Levensons objection, an extra means by which teenagers can rebel against authority, by either abusing their vote or not voting at all. Defenders of the present system are so far in the majority. Yet when Judged in terms of arguments they are in trouble. Their sense of history is poor and they lack both a unified voice and intellectual authority. No Edmund Burke or Thomas Carlyle is to be found in their ranks. They have Tony Blair, its true. At this years Blackpool conference, when asked about granting sixteen years olds the vote, he said that citizenship should have a legal starting point : eighteen. The Prime Minister no doubt knows that the current legal condition of young people is anomalous, but he is ot alone in his beliefs. The conservatives have plenty of politicians on their side, but given their rising unpopularity that may prove to be their Joint undoing. The wiser strategy would be to reform in order to inject more energy into parliamentary politics. It is no coincidence that groups like Article 12 in Scotland, Rock the Vote in America and Germanys KRATZA (which stands for the abolition of all age limits for voting) are on the rise. For the one key point the opponents of reform arguably misjudge is the potential radicalism of some of our disaffected kids who ont see themselves primarily as cynics, or as consumers looking down at their new trainers. Children of my age are too young to vote, said my daughter a few days ago, casually munching her way through a big apple. Shes ten. 14 is about right, she continued. By then, you definitely need freedom. You know whats right and wrong. By that age you should find out what theyre doing bombing other countries, being mean or picky, or being racist or pa edophiles.