Fda s Position On Regulation Of Drug Promotion And...

FDA s position on regulation of drug promotion and advertising has undergone a very interesting pathway, and this is clearly reflected in the way they have enacted their regulations. This process has not been spontaneous but rather a result of extemporaneous pressure and events. Initially, as the pharmaceutical industry was growing and rapidly developing, it was also unmonitored, and the claims they made about the products they advertised posed a risk for the consumers given the freedom they had to promote them. For example, the Pure Food and Drug Act was signed in 1906, but it was not stringent enough to prevent the sale of harmful substances: it was directed towards product labeling, and did not have any restrictions about advertising. This evidently created a loophole because it addressed only the topic of misbranding and label content, while false claims that were not included in the label were not prohibited. The tremendous growth experienced by advertising for food, drugs and cosmetics created a demand for the legislation that took place in 1938, the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act, where FDA was granted greater powers to regulate the industry. This was sharpened by the Sulfanilamide disaster that occurred in 1937: again, law of action-reaction ma nifested, and this is exactly what I find the most interesting, how regulations have been made as a result or response to particular events. More than a preventive strategy, it has always been a reactive one. ButShow MoreRelated Tobacco Advertisements1733 Words   |  7 Pagesprecedent in court that was passed based on these advertisements, and current trends in tobacco advertisements today. The first print tobacco advertisements that used celebrities as the main focus of the advertisements came about during the 1950’s in America. Huge celebrities such as Phillip Morris would endorse cigarette smoking in print advertisements. This type of marketing technique involves many social psychological theories. One theory is the Social Impact Theory. According to three authorsRead MorePharmaceutical Industry Ethical Practices13569 Words   |  55 Pageschoices 12 Competition among drug companies yields innovation 13 From Patients to Medical Consumer 13 Alphabetical Listing of Worldwide Pharmaceutical Companies 15 Fortune 500, Top 12 Companies 22 Pharmaceutical Companies of Pakistan 24 Multinational origin Pharmaceutical units operating in Pakistan 24 Top ten (10) companies in 2008 26 Top 20 national pharmaceutical companies 26 Laws for Pharmaceutical Marketing Worldwide 27 Food and Drug Administration  (FDA) 27 Laws for PharmaceuticalRead MoreThe Effects Of E Cigarettes On The United States5297 Words   |  22 Pages(Schroeder). Nicotine is a chemical that is produced by the tobacco plant. People have discovered that by smoking the leaves of a tobacco plant the nicotine in the leaves is delivered into the bloodstream. Nicotine by itself is not an awful drug as far as drugs go, although it is highly addictive, it is the tar in cigarettes that does so much damage. Tobacco use remains the number one preventable cause of death in the U.S. with 480,000 Americans dying prematurely from tobacco related disease. KickingRead MoreEssay LEG 500 Assignment 33271 Words   |  14 PagesEthical Considerations in Marketing, Product Safety, and Intellectual Property Sam Cook Dr. William Stone LEG 500 August 28, 2013 1. Research three to five (3-5) ethical issues relating to marketing and advertising, intellectual  property, and regulation of product safety. When looking at PharmaCARE’s relationship with the Colberians, you see that the company’s treatment of the indigenous population is unethical. In terms of intellectual property, the scenario in AssignmentRead MoreMerck : A World Class Reputation3129 Words   |  13 PagesUnder his leading, Merck opened up several therapeutic areas and enhanced its reputation for bringing â€Å"blockbusters† to drug market. During the 1980s, Merck’s sales more than doubled and profits tripled. During 1987-1990, Merck ranked in top 10 most valuable companies in Businessweek. 2. Problem Statement Merck Co. is a global leading position pharmaceutical company that is into drug research and production. However Merck suffered market share decrease from early 1990s while whole the sales of humanRead MoreMarketing Plan for Pharmasim3854 Words   |  16 Pagesmanagement team at the over-the-counter cold medicine (OCM) group of Allstar Brands is looking to utilize revenue generated by Allround to help fund new opportunities in emerging markets. Therefore, it is critical that Allround maintain its market-leading position in terms of market share, profitability, and sales in order to fund these new initiatives. While Allround is a leader in brand awareness and brand most frequently purchased, there are direct competitors to Allround. These competitors offer variousRead MorePfizer Competitor Analysis3807 Words   |  16 PagesIndustry-Oncology Pharmaceuticals Executive Summary The value that the branded pharmaceutical industry adds to the US economy is growing slower than US GDP (Snyder, 2012). Rivalry has intensified while the rate of blockbuster drug development has slowed due to an increase in regulation from the government and the industry trade association, PhRMA. The number of new entrants is fairly low and some are exiting or consolidating through mergers and acquisitions. Downstream and upstream factors are crucialRead MoreFast Food1915 Words   |  8 Pagesand weaknesses whilst an external analysis considered the opportunities and threats posed to McDonald’s as market leader. Finally, short and long term strategic and tactical recommendations were outlined in order to enhance McDonald’s competitive position within the global fast-food industry. These recommendations are both realistic and well supported, based upon the evaluation of their current strategy and activities. 3 2. Introduction The global fast-food industry is dynamic with a variety ofRead MoreMonster Energy Essay11236 Words   |  45 PagesAnalysis Monster Beverage Corporation The Hansen Beverage company (recently changing their name to Monster Beverage Corporation on January 5th of 2012), was a family owned and operated company in the 1930’s, selling freshly squeezed juices to local film studios. In the 1970’s, one of the Hansen brothers decided to transition their beverage business into marketing ‘natural sodas’. This was the upturn of the company that led them to where they are today. Today, Monster Beverage Corp. hasRead MoreCogave+Energy+Drink+Marketing+Plan7253 Words   |  30 PagesCustomer Needs 7 Geographic Area 7 VI. Target Market Strategy 7 Target Market 7 VII. Positioning Strategy 9 Future Target Market 10 VIII. Marketing Mix 11 Customer (Product) 11 Cost (Price) 12 Capabilities (Place) 14 Competition (Promotion) 15 IX. Action Plan 16 X. Long Term Objectives 17 I. Executive Summary The Cogavà ©m brand was inspired by a growing demand for a natural and healthy alternative to the current energy drink market. Our flagship product, Cogavà ©m, includes

Online Games Addiction And Its Effects On Society - 810 Words

It is widely agreed that the internet is one of the best innovations that has facilitated the life of humanity in the last twentieth century. It has aided most of researchers around the world to develop their studies in different areas such as medical and academic fields since the internet has made the finding of information much easier than before. However, the excessive use of the internet can lead to serious problems that may influence people health and can cause mental and medical complications because some users are mainly dependent on online chat rooms, interactive games and stocks market and spend most of their leisure time using this communication medium without considering their lifestyle that include diet habits. This situation is called the internet addiction. There are several types of addictive use of the internet so online games addiction is one of the most issues that is rapidly spreading among children and adolescents. It is a situation that is characterized by overpl aying internet games with others and these games may affect the personality of the gamer. This essay will discuss online games addiction and will present some information that show how this issue has become a phenomenon in the last decade. The number of internet users in the world have increased rapidly among adults and children especially who have played these games excessively. In 2012, the number of people who played computer games reached more than one billion; in addition, the proportionShow MoreRelatedViolent Video Games And Violence1533 Words   |  7 Pagesmany individuals have jumped to rash conclusions regarding the causes of such events by linking violent video games with violence in the youth population. Even more discerning individuals have also criticized the role of violent video games in encouraging people to become mass murderers. With these opinions gaining popularity in the mass media, it has become the predominant belief of society to explain why there are more shootings recently. Such claims are usually driven by opinionated reasoning insteadRead MoreOnline Gaming Issues1170 Words   |  5 Pages \ The Addiction of Online Gaming Online gaming is becoming a major concern in the world today. Online gaming is becoming more and more popular among various ages in today’s society. Along with this becoming popular, it is starting to become known as an addition as well. . The addiction of the game is causing serious negative psychological effects. These negative psychological effects are not only affecting the life of the one playing, but it is also affects the life’s of the ones closest to themRead MoreJust One More Hour...1031 Words   |  5 Pagesto the game, when you get there you tell yourself, â€Å"Just a few more hours and I’m going to get off and get some rest.† You’re in the zone when the phone rings, another jolt from reality. It’s your buddy and it is now 6:00 p.m. and you still haven’t slept. He wants to know if you want to hang out, go get a bite to eat, or maybe have a few beers at the bar. You tell him you’re not feeling well and you donâ€⠄¢t feel like going out. He’s doesn’t say anything, but he knows you’re playing that game and saysRead MoreSocial Network and Its Effect on Poor Students Academic Performance1051 Words   |  5 PagesSOCIAL NETWORK AND ITS EFFECT ON POOR STUDENTS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram are the example famous social network that becomes the best choice among the students, especially university students. Social network can defines as site of grouping of individuals into specific groups, like small rural communities or a neighbourhood subdivision. Nowadays, the social network is a necessary communication tool that has emerged in the field of information and communication technologyRead MoreTime Vs. Computer Addiction882 Words   |  4 Pagesthis technology. The overuse, or obsession can cause individuals to neglect others, as well as self. This behavior can result to computer addiction. Obligations can be neglected, because too much time is spent on the computer. According to Wieland, â€Å"Young claims there were 56 million internet users in 1997. Extrapolating from prevalence rates of other addictions, 5-10 percent of users will most likely experience IAD.† Young’s survey suggest that too much time on the computer during the week and onRead MoreNegative Effects Of Internet Addiction935 Words   |  4 Pagesmake your work or study but ended up playing video games and surfing the internet? It is believed that a lot of people feel like this. Nowadays, we live in a world with highly developed internet and electronic devices. The highly advanced internet makes our lives better, which is non-debatable, but there are also some drawbacks brought up by improper internet usage and one of the most influential symptoms is Internet addiction. Internet addiction affects people by causing the deterioration of theRead MoreVideo Game Addiction Essay970 Words   |  4 Pagesabout video game addiction. Life is full of many stages and mileston es that everyone must encounter one of the largest and most important ones is the teenage stage of people’s life. During our teen years we usually figure out who we are and who we want to be. Do you want to be the gamer who stays home all day and play video games or go out with friends? Some people would rather spend a beautiful weekend inside playing video games instead of going out. Just like most other things video games can affectRead MoreHow Internet Chat Rooms Are Dangerous. During This Day1071 Words   |  5 Pagesparents are so blind to what is really going on. Cyberbullying Cyber-bullying has been a problem for a very long time. Due to the development of our technology today, cyber-bullying has become one of the most difficult issues to resolve in our society. Since cyber-bullying issues are more likely to happen at schools, social networking, and mobile phones; Teachers, principals, and parents are responsible to monitor, prevent, and punish cyberbullying. The expectations of most parents of the schoolRead MoreThe Influence Of Internet Addiction1053 Words   |  5 Pages Instructor: Ranjani Ramesh Date: Oct.05 2017 The Influence of Internet Addiction Have you been though things such as you open up your laptop to do your work or study but ended up playing video games and surfing on internet? It is believed that a great amount of people feel like this. Nowadays, we live in a world with highly developed internet and electronic devices. Highly advancedRead MoreOnline Gambling And Its Effects On Society967 Words   |  4 PagesIn modern society, technological advancements have caused casino gambling to shift to online, â€Å"on-the-go†, gambling. Online gambling can be effortlessly accessible to anyone over the legal age as required by various jurisdictions. Margee Hume and Gillian Mort argue that youth misperceive the definition of â€Å"gambling†, as they believe gambling is a hobby from which one can receive rewards such as money (119). As a result, those gambling for rewards, do not generally acknowledge the possible negative

Price Mechanism in a Capitalist Economy Free Essays

In a capitalist economy, all the central problems are solved with the help of price mecha ­nism. In such an economy, no individual or a firm deliberately tries to solve the central problems; all economic activities operate automatically and there is no conflict anywhere. The basic reason for all this is that price mechanism brings about co-ordination in various sectors of economy and in various eco ­nomic activities. We will write a custom essay sample on Price Mechanism in a Capitalist Economy or any similar topic only for you Order Now The important characteristic of such a system is that it is automatic and there is no institution or agency which regulates or operates it. The basis of price mechanism is that every commodity or service has a price which is determined with the help of supply and demand. Every commodity is bought and sold through money. If a person sells his services or commodity, he gets money and in lieu thereof he can buy goods and services which he needs. If there are more buyers of a commodity, its demand goes up and producers increase its production. On the other hand, if a commodity is available in abundance, its supply increases, with the result its price goes down and producers reduce its production. Whenever there is a difference or dis ­equilibrium between supply and demand, price starts changing, with the result this difference disappears and again an equilibrium is established between supply and demand. demand and supply curves intersect each other at point E where price is OP and equilibrium output OQ. According to the schedule equilibrium price will be Rs. 10 because at this price demand and supply are equal. In a capitalist economy, all the central problems are solved with the help of price mechanism. Now we would sec as to how all the central problems—what to produce, how to produce and for whom to produce—arc solved with the help of price mechanism. 1. What to produce? In a capitalist economy, production of a commodity is decided by the forces of demand and supply. As the production of a commodity depends upon its demand and supply, in the same way aggregate output is determined by aggregate demand and aggregate supply. The level of output where aggregate demand and aggregate supply are equal is finally fixed as equilibrium output. In the aggregate output, what should be the quantities of different commodities. This decision is also taken by the equilibrium of demand and supply of different commodities. The production of the commodity is increased whose price goes up as a result of increase in its demand. On the other hand, if the demand of a commodity declines, its production is reduced. 2. How to produce? As the competition among consumers decides as to what goods should be produced, in the same way, the competition among the producers decides as to how goods should be produced. A commodity can be produced adopting a number of techniques. The method or technology which is the cheapest is adopted and the one which is costlier is abandoned. Therefore, the decision as to how goods should be produced depends on the prices of factors. A producer combines various factors for producing a commodity in such a way so that his production cost is minimum. For example, coal and diesel both can be used as fuel. If coal is cheaper in comparison to diesel, coal would be used and reverse would be the case if diesel is cheaper. In this way, the choice of technique of production or the factor combination depends upon the factor prices. In a country where there is abundance of labour and wages are low, more of labour and less of capital! would be used. On the other hand, in a country where there is less of labour and more of capital, capital-intensive techniques would be used. 3. For whom to produce? In a capitalist economy, production of commodities depends upon the buying capacity of the consumers in the market. It is a well known fact that the paying capacity of a consumer depends upon his purchasing power or his income. Besides this, the income of a consumer depends upon the fact as to how much his services are demanded. Higher the demand for a person’s services, higher would be his income. If the income of a consumer is more, his capacity to buy is more. In such a situation, production will be carried out for such persons whose incomes are more or who can pay. Therefore, in a capitalist economy, it is observed that price-mechanism facilitates more production of luxuries meant for rich people and less production of goods of mass consumption meant for poor people. How to cite Price Mechanism in a Capitalist Economy, Essay examples

Voting Age 16 free essay sample

Meanwhile, the Electoral Commissions Sam Younger (true to his surname) has backed an independent review of the current voting age. The Minister for Young People, John Denham, has agreed to look closely at its findings, due the end of this year. The reformers case is strong, and could in practice count as an historic innovation. Most countries where the age of political majority is already lower (the key exception is Brazil) are dictatorships preoccupied with demographics and spin. The campaign for reducing the age of political majority is gathering pace globally, but reakthroughs have so far only been local : in regions (like Scotland, where some local authorities permit 16-year olds to vote in council elections) and in cities such as Cambridge, Massachusetts, whose city council supports votes at 17, and Hanover, which pioneered the voting at 16 that is now the rule in many German states. So Britain has a chance of becoming the first-ever European country to give kids of sixteen the vote. But why should we (or they) take the plunge? The reformers point to the legal precedents. At sixteen, they say, young people can leep together, marry (without parental consent in Scotland) and have children. All sixteen year olds can be company directors, or be tried by Jury in Crown Court and locked up, or change their name by deed poll, or leave school. Young men (women have to wait another year) can even Join some sections of the armed forces. Reformers add that young people are living in social conditions far different than those in which their parents were teenagers. The battle for the right to define and protect youth culture was fought and won a full generation ago culminating (on January 1st 1970) in the reduction of the voting age from 21 to 18. Since then, reformers say, young people have become more worldly wise. Pressured by advertising and the sexualisation of their bodies, teenage hormones change earlier, and faster. The rights of young people not to be abused, beaten or exploited are gathering pace. Youth parliaments and school councils are multiplying. Young people have their vernacular, their opinions, music and dress sense. From this school year, theres also the new citizenship curriculum, which could well make teenagers as a hole politically more knowledgeable than many adults. The reformers issue a warning : the right to vote and the obligation to take an interest in public affairs should be extended to sixteen and seventeen year olds in order to raise their flagging rising) levels of interest in politics, broadly understood. Yet youth are annoyed by governments, parties and politicians, who are condemned as lying sleazebags, irrelevant bores, and worse. Such reactions, the reformers say, reflects the chasm thats come between youth and politics. The solution : bridge the gap by bringing parliamentary politics to them. The opponents of reform sound nervous, and arent averse to moralising. Note the strong parallels, in the history of modern democracy, with the language of those who opposed the emancipation of slaves, or who resisted granting the vote to male workers, or women, or colonial subjects. The conservatives say that kids lack maturity. That means that their ability to think logically through an argument, to understand cause and effect, and to take responsibility for their own actions, is sub- standard. The claim is of course circular and true by definition : kids are naturally kids. Maturity has no history. Youth and politics will never mix. So it follows that teenagers, in their imprudence, will misuse the vote. At sixteen (says Ellie Levenson of the Fabian Society) teenagers are at their most rebellious and negative stage, a time when they are more keen on making a statement than acting responsibly. Like hysterical suffragettes bent on dragging passions into politics, or ill-mannered nineteenth-century workers, young people are a danger unto themselves. Let us not provide, runs Levensons objection, an extra means by which teenagers can rebel against authority, by either abusing their vote or not voting at all. Defenders of the present system are so far in the majority. Yet when Judged in terms of arguments they are in trouble. Their sense of history is poor and they lack both a unified voice and intellectual authority. No Edmund Burke or Thomas Carlyle is to be found in their ranks. They have Tony Blair, its true. At this years Blackpool conference, when asked about granting sixteen years olds the vote, he said that citizenship should have a legal starting point : eighteen. The Prime Minister no doubt knows that the current legal condition of young people is anomalous, but he is ot alone in his beliefs. The conservatives have plenty of politicians on their side, but given their rising unpopularity that may prove to be their Joint undoing. The wiser strategy would be to reform in order to inject more energy into parliamentary politics. It is no coincidence that groups like Article 12 in Scotland, Rock the Vote in America and Germanys KRATZA (which stands for the abolition of all age limits for voting) are on the rise. For the one key point the opponents of reform arguably misjudge is the potential radicalism of some of our disaffected kids who ont see themselves primarily as cynics, or as consumers looking down at their new trainers. Children of my age are too young to vote, said my daughter a few days ago, casually munching her way through a big apple. Shes ten. 14 is about right, she continued. By then, you definitely need freedom. You know whats right and wrong. By that age you should find out what theyre doing bombing other countries, being mean or picky, or being racist or pa edophiles.

Critic of Realism

Realism is a very powerful theory in the study of international relations. The theory claims that states pursue their own interests in the international system.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Critic of Realism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The international system dictates the foreign policy of a state implying that changes in the international system would probably affect the foreign policies of a state. The theory states that the international system is anarchical since it lacks the central authority. The main role of the central authority should be to resolve issues in the international system. Therefore, each state is concerned with its own affairs. The main interest of states is to maintain national security. A state would only intervene in the international system if its national security is threatened. For instance, the theory argues that states form military alliances to strengthen their military powe r. This means states are never concerned with resolving the security problems in the international system. States rarely cooperate because of mistrust and suspicion (Art and Jervis 67). Scholars have come out strongly to support or critic realism theory. Ann Ticker’s criticism is mainly on the role of gender in the formulation of foreign policies. Unlike the realist theorists, she argues that human beings are not fixed. Human behavior changes according to the environmental context. Therefore, she observes that even though states strive to achieve their national interests, they are forced to give in to the demands of other actors in the international system. This happens only if conditions demand for adjustment.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On his part, Alexander Wendt came up with a theory referred to as social theory. The theory rivals the realist approach as regards to foreign policy formulation. The scholar concurs with the fact that states pursue national interests. However, he notes that culture is another aspect that influences the decision making process. He termed cultural rivalry as â€Å"cultures of anarchy†, which means some shared beliefs influence the formulation of foreign policies. He notes that the culture of various states change with time. Therefore, there is no permanent enemy or friend in the international system. He also notes that human nature is dynamic, unlike the postulations of realist scholars who believe that the international system rarely changes. Francis Beer and Robert Hariman conducted an analysis to determine the validity of realism. They note that there are other powerful units in the international system, which influence the state’s behavior. For instance, the emergence of powerful MNCs undermines the sovereignty of states. In the US for example, public opinion is an aspect that can no lon ger be neglected when it comes to the making of foreign policy. The two scholars note that the relationships among states are complex. Immanuel Wallerstein came up with the world-system theory, which states that resources influence the decision making process among states. He notes that the core controls the affairs of the world while the periphery is always oppressed. From the views of the above scholars, it can be noted that states exist according to the Hobbestian state of nature where life is brutal, anarchic, quarrelsome, and short-lived.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Critic of Realism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, individuals agreed to form a common government that would end the brutal life in the state of nature. In the international system, the scholars differ on whether a leviathan exists. Tickner disagrees that a leviathan exists. She notes that the weak state will always be oppressed whi le the rich will always have its way. The same view is held by Immanuel Wallerstein who notes that the core controls all major economic activities in the world. Alexander Wendt notes that war in the international system has been commercialized. This prevents the aggressors from attacking the innocent states. Francis Beer and Robert Hariman oppose the idea that the state is the only important unit in the international system. Works Cited Art, Robert, and R. Jervis. International politics: Enduring Concepts and Contemporary Issue. Boston: Longman, 2011. Print. This essay on Critic of Realism was written and submitted by user Esteban V. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

What Centrifugation Is and Why Its Used

What Centrifugation Is and Why Its Used The term centrifuge can refer to a machine that houses a rapidly rotating container to separate its contents by density (noun) or to the act of using the machine (verb). The modern device traces its origins to a spinning arm apparatus designed in the 18th century by engineer Benjamin Robins to determine drag. In 1864, Antonin Prandtl applied the technique to separate milk and cream. His brother refined the technique, inventing a butterfat extraction machine in 1875. While centrifuges are still used to separate milk components, their use has expanded to many other areas of science and medicine. Centrifuges are most often used to separate different liquids and solid particulates from liquids, but they may be used for gases. They are also used for other purposes than mechanical separation. How a Centrifuge Works A centrifuge gets its name from centrifugal force the virtual force that pulls spinning objects outward. Centripetal force is the real physical force at work, pulling spinning objects inward. Spinning a bucket of water is a good example of the forces at work. If the bucket spins fast enough, the water is pulled into it and doesnt spill. If the bucket is filled with a mixture of sand and water, spinning it produces centrifugation. According to the sedimentation principle, both the water and sand in the bucket will be drawn to the outer edge of the bucket, but the dense sand particles will settle to the bottom, while the lighter water molecules will be displaced toward the center. The centripetal acceleration essentially simulates higher gravity, however, its important to keep in mind the artificial gravity is a range of values, depending on how close an object is to the axis of rotation, not a constant value. The effect is greater the further out an object gets because it travels a greater distance for each rotation. Types and Uses of Centrifuges The  types of centrifuges are all based on the same technique but differ in their applications. The main differences between them are the speed of rotation and the rotor design. The rotor is the rotating unit in the device. Fixed-angle rotors hold samples at a constant angle, swinging head rotors have a hinge that allows sample vessels to swing outward as the rate of spin increases, and continuous tubular centrifuges have one chamber rather than individual sample chambers. Very high-speed centrifuges and ultracentrifuges spin at such a high rate that they can be used to separate molecules of different masses or even isotopes of atoms. For example, a gas centrifuge may be used to enrich uranium, as the heavier isotope is pulled outward more than the lighter one. Isotope separation is used for scientific research and to make nuclear fuel and nuclear weapons. Laboratory centrifuges also spin at high rates. They may be large enough to stand on a floor or small enough to rest on a counter.  A typical device has a  rotor with angled drilled holes to hold sample tubes. Because the sample tubes are fixed at an angle and centrifugal force acts in the horizontal plane, particles move a tiny distance before hitting the wall of the tube, allowing dense material to slide down. While many lab centrifuges have fixed-angle rotors, swinging-bucket rotors are also common.  These machines are used to isolate components of  immiscible liquids  and  suspensions. Uses include separating blood components, isolating DNA, and purifying chemical samples. Medium-size centrifuges are common in daily life, mainly to quickly separate liquids from solids. Washing machines use centrifugation during the spin cycle to separate water from laundry, for example. A similar device spins the water out of swimsuits. Large centrifuges may be used to simulate high-gravity. The machines are the size of a room or building. Human centrifuges are used to train test pilots and conduct gravity-related scientific research. Centrifuges may also be used as amusement park rides. While human centrifuges are designed to go up to 10 or 12 gravities, large diameter non-human machines can expose specimens to up to 20 times normal gravity.  The same principle may one day be used to simulate gravity in space.   Industrial centrifuges are used to separate components of colloids (like cream and butter from milk), in chemical preparation, cleaning solids from drilling fluid, drying materials, and water treatment to remove sludge. Some industrial centrifuges rely on sedimentation for separation, while others separate matter using a screen or filter. Industrial centrifuges are used to cast metals and prepare chemicals. The differential gravity affects the phase composition and other properties of the materials. Related Techniques While centrifugation is the best option for simulating high gravity, there are other techniques that may be used to separate materials. These include filtration, sieving, distillation, decantation, and chromatography. The best technique for an application depends on the properties of a sample and its volume.

Embryo research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Embryo research - Essay Example (Singer) Hwang and his colleagues states that they exchanged the nucleus of unfertilized egg of a human for the nucleus of an ordinary cell, taken from another human, and created the lines made of stem cells from an embryo that appeared as the result. These stem cells coincidedwith the DNA of the man who provided an ordinary cell. This experiment demonstrated that it is now possible to give a cell or a tissue to a person, and they will not be rejected by the organism, having been cloned from them. (Singer) The experiments of Hwang haven't been completed. However, he assumed that definite problems might occur. He insisted on the legitimacy of his work, confessing that there may be errors in the lines of stem cells. He also confessed that few cells could be damaged. At any rate, the scientists consider this be one of the most significant discoveries in medicine and biology. Of course, experiments and researches are needed, but the results will significantly change the whole medical practice. (Robertson) But ethical background of this invention is discussed by many scientists. It shows that the potential of human life is included into each cell of our organism, and this would change the discussion about the value of a human life.

Questions Week 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Questions Week 5 - Essay Example (Bardwell, 2007) It is possible that the differences in the educational teachings each of these generations have received from school due to the rapid changes in the information technology affects the differences in their professional satisfaction, motivation, leadership issues and styles, as well as the different strategy when it comes to increasing the employee’s morale among others. As a human resource manager, the art of being able to motivate and increase the morale of each worker despite the differences in their work expectations and satisfaction remains a challenge. What is the best way to resolve the conflicting issues among the baby boomers, the generation ‘X’ and ‘Y’ workers? Is the motivational strategy applicable to baby boomer workers equally effective in terms of motivating the generation ‘Y’ workers? What are the factors that the human resource manager should consider when it comes to dealing with each type of worker? Is pay-for-performance the best way to increase the workers’ productivity and motivation? Di Gregorio (2000) stated that despite all the available qualitative software packages used in analyzing literature, the best method is the use of NVivo. Launched back in May 1999, the NVivo version 1.2 software is considered as the updated and improved version of NUD*IST. NVivo’s newer version is 2.0. These softwares are downloadable from the website http://www.qsr.com.au, NVivo software is easy to use. The researcher could easily import necessary documents from the microsoft word processing package and eventually use coding strips to code these documents on screen. According to Lyn Richards (1999), NVivo software is designed exclusively for â€Å"researchers who desire to display as well as develop a rich data in dynamic documents.† The capability of this software to assist the researchers when going through a long process of qualtitative data

We Are Going to Ibiza Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

We Are Going to Ibiza - Assignment Example Personally speaking, I had no particular destination in mind and being an introvert, I decided to sit quiet and watch and listen to the suggestions being made by others. As expected, Lillian being the ultimate extrovert in the group with her sociable and expressive way of communication took the initiative to extend the first suggestion. Lillian suggested that as we had sufficient money with us, why not all of us take a trip to Europe? As I was avidly observing all of them, I noticed James and Susan evince a slight frown at Lillian’s suggestion. It was enough to convey to me that both of them had already decided about the place they wanted to go and were not in agreement with Lillian’s suggestion. However, I was still unsure about what Steven had in mind. I felt that either he had no special place in mind or was yet keeping his cards close. As goes well with the agreeable nature of James, and his way of being courteous and flexible while negotiating things, he welcomed L illian’s suggestion, yet asked her that what marked Europe as her first choice? What followed was a three minute speech by Lillian, which, considering her lucidness was certainly prepared well in advance, elaborating on Europe being the hub and bedrock of culture and art, and how a trip to the continent will immensely add to our sense of culture and appreciation for art, food, fashion, and other fine things in life. By the time Lillian ended, Susan broke into a big and discernible yawn, which made all of us laugh, expect for Lillian. James in his patent cooperative and genial manner, approved of Lillian’s views, yet taking the role of the self appointed group leader, suggested that a trip to Europe was something too serious and what the rest of us were looking forward to was visiting a place that was more about fun and enjoyment. Susan vociferously supported the views of James, though I was still not sure as to whether James and she had the same place in mind, or wheth er both of them were agreeing to scuttle Lillian’s suggestion. James made the next move and tried to convince Lillian that Europe was not a viable destination owing to many reasons. He placed his hand on Lillian’s shoulder and told her that the money the group had, though being ample may fall short of supporting an extensive trip to Europe. Continuing with his good natured manner, perhaps aimed at soliciting maximal cooperation from Lillian, he said that the group had been thinking about this trip more in terms of a chance to have unrestrained fun in the lap of nature. Susan not only strongly backed each and every suggestion made by James, but even went ahead to claim that a trip to Eu

The Electric Power Consumption

The Electric Power Consumption In parallel with swift economic growth, energy demand and consumption grow at a faster rate. Like other countries, Malaysia heavily relies upon fossil fuels as their primary energy source in generating electricity. At production level in 2005, it is proven that oil reserves in Malaysia are expected to last another 19 years while natural gas reserves are expected to last for about 33 years (Apec energy demand,). Hence, a crucial move needs to be done to diverse energy source in order to delay the energy depletion as well as to meet the current energy demand. Referring to Figure 1.1, Malaysiaà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s primary energy demand is projected grow at an annual rate of 3.5 percent, to reach 146.7Mtoe in 2030, a 2.6-fold increase from 2002. Energy demand continues to rise in order to meet the rising electricity demand (Apec energy demand,). In addition, combustion of fossil fuel in electricity generation contributes significantly to air pollution as it emits greenhouse gases which lead to global warming. Referring to Figure 1.2, electric power consumption (kWh per Capita) in Malaysia was reported at about 800 in 1985, at 3428 in 2008 and finally risen up to 3613.53 in 2009 (Electric power consumption, ). This also indicates that the rate of GHGs emission rises over years. Some renewable energy sources such as solar energy, hydropower and biomass are promising alternative energy sources in reducing the dependency of fossil fuel and to diversify energy sources, as well as to reduce pollution to the environment. The future success of bioenergy developments in Malaysia depend on many factors, such as the policy framework conditions, the availability of suitable and high efficient conversion technologies, the long term and cost effective biomass fuels supply security, and the impacts on environmental and social issues. Malaysia is a tropical country and the climate is providing an excellent environment for biomass production. Also, Malaysia is known as one of the leading producers of paddy and is endowed with abundance of agricultural biomass resources. Bioenergy is the most important renewable energy in use today. The demand for biomass as energy source will inevitably increase over time, putting pressure on fuel supply security and associated topics. If sustainability requirements do not receive the necessary consideration, this pressure might affect pricing for agricultural products and food security supply aspects too. For this reason, the use of agricultural residues as energy sources offers a promising opportunity to promote the future development of bioenergy utilisation. Since using agricultural residues as energy sources will not interfere with food security, such fuels will meet the requirements for a future sustainable based energy supply. Problem Statement Normally, paddy cultivation leaves a huge amount of paddy waste such as paddy straws and paddy husks. Although there are a few methods in reusing paddy straws, such as animal feed, cooking fuel, a significant amount of paddy straw remains unused and in order to get rid of the paddy waste, open burning of paddy waste is the most common way, contributing environmental and safety issues, such as air pollution and fire disaster. However, paddy waste is a very useful organic material in producing biogas through anaerobic digestion, thus providing an alternative use and mitigating the pollution problems. In order to utilise biogas produced by paddy waste, conversion techniques have to be technically efficient, economically competitive and environmentally friendly. Biogas and its Potential of Paddy Waste Biogas is generated by the digestion of biodegradable organic wastes in the absence of oxygen, so called anaerobic process. A range of organic wastes can be used as raw materials for the production of biogas; they are agricultural wastes, animal manure, sewage sludge and many more. The major component of biogas, which is methane, is nowadays considered as one of the most important source of energy for heating and electricity generation as well as vehicle fuel. Aims and Objectives As a whole, the aim of this project is to study the production and utilisation of biogas from paddy waste. Several specific objectives are listed as follows: To review current status of energy demand and consumption in Malaysia. To understand the technologies available for biomass power plant, develop and incorporate a concept of sustainable process in the current technologies. To determine process equipments sequence and create process flow diagram. To perform process mass balances through the simulation of the entire system. To access safety and health factors in designing and minimise impacts to the environment. To consider other factors for a successful and sustainable system and operation.

The University Education: A Religious Experience :: University Education

The University Education: A Religious Experience If I wanted to do an over-view of my thoughts about the university being related to religion for a layman who doesn't understand anything beneath the surface, then my first paper would be a success. Putting myself in an educated person's position of having to read that as a college essay, I would be insulted. Of course this is a post-English 220 thought. I've opened up to find myself more since then. I'm not saying that have found my perfect style. I've found a new style in myself other than the "Official Style". I'm writing for you in a close version of the "O.S." because this is an explanation about my own writing and I feel that this is the best way to *explain*. Don't worry, by the end I'm sure that I'll have fallen away. I've taken a close look at this paper of mine entitled _The University Education: A Religious Experience_ and found that my thoughts about the metaphor haven't changed a lot. I'm the type of person who finds little religious quirks in everything, though (A result of: accepting evolution; seeing the Bible as a bunch of parables and tall tales - including Genesis and the entire New Testament; reading Don Delillo's _White Noise_ , Heinlein's _A Stranger in a Strange Land_, Baudelaire's "Voyage"; rebelling my over-religious, over-hypocritic mother; oh ya. Moliere and Chaucer; learning about different cultures and religions; etc., etc.). I like comparing people and their actions, myself included, to Christian rituals and events. When it comes to the university as a religion, this comparing multiplies because so many of us here take our education as a life or death matter. And I think it should be. Of course there are those who are hypocritic in the university life - don't worry they get a few second chances and are then abandoned. I'm on one of my second chances. Yes, I feel the same way about my metaphor as I did when I wrote this introduction paper. No, I don't like paper because if I were to truly put effort into the it now I would not have written it that way. My style is much different now (A result of this class and my new interest in fiction writing from Eng. 218). I like to lay things between the lines - let the reader work a little. I'm not a combination of Elliot and Pound, nor do I intend to be.

Explain the personal attributes valued by employers of IT personnel

I am working in careers advice for IT personnel. I have been asked to produce a small booklet on valued employee attributes and communication barriers. I will write a report explaining the personal attributes valued by employers. Attitudes Determination Determination is very important in the workplace as it shows that they are able to get on and complete the work without getting distracted. Determination is also great when facing problems as the employee will be determined to finish the task and will try everything to overcome any problems that may prevent them from their end goal. Whilst on my internship at BP I was very determined to finish the work and I didn’t allow anything to distract me from completing the work. This allowed me to complete more work in the time frame I was given which was very useful to my team. Independence Independence is also a very important soft skill to have in the workplace. Employees will be expected to complete tasks on their own without any help from others. Employees need to think for themselves and not rely on other people to tell them what they have to do next. At BP I showed independence by making meetings with people I needed specific information rather than waiting for someone to come to me. Also when I was given tasks, I would work on it alone and if I got to problems I would try to overcome them on my own. Planning skills Planning is important in the workplace it involves thinking ahead to decide what you need to do to achieve a goal within a given timescale. It’s important in planning that goals are established, strategies and objectives are decided to be successful. By planning tasks can be done in the time given. Whilst at BP I showed planning skills by looking at the tasks I had and then planning how I was going to compete the tasks. Such as drawing diagrams or writing down the formulas and where I was going to use them in my excel sheets. Time management To make the best use of your time, you need to manage it effectively. To do this you have to take control on your time and plan when you are going to complete things by; using a diary would help. Also you need to make sure that time is protected from interruptions and make sure you are strict on time making sure vital tasks are done before doing less important things. Being good at time management will be useful because it will mean that tasks will be done for the deadline and the employee will never be late for meetings or for work which means that work can be done when it’s needed. On my internship I showed time management skills by planning my tasks for specific times and making sure I had it done by the deadline. Also making sure if I had meetings in another building I left enough time to get there to make sure I wasn’t late. Specific Attributes Job For some jobs technical knowledge will be needed. for instance in my job at BP I needed to have knowledge on IT programs such as Microsoft, PowerPoint, Excel, Outlook and also needed to have knowledge on SharePoint which is used for online storage. An employee might demonstrate technical skills by taking and passing academic or vocational qualifications, or you might have a certificate to prove that you have a special skill; such as ICT Qualifications. Health and safety If an employee is unwell then they should stay off work until they are recovered. Coming into work sick will then make everyone else sick and in order to prevent this they need to get better at home. The Health and Safety at Work Act requires all employees to ‘take reasonable care of themselves and others who could be affected by what they do’. This Act also states that if you are an employee who has ‘been injured at work, seen a dangerous occurrence, or your doctor has certified that you have a work-related reportable disease, you must inform your employer’.

Types of Ancient Greek Medicine

Types of Ancient Greek Medicine What do these three have in common? AsclepiusChironHippocrates Have you heard of a healing god of Greece called Asclepius or Asculapius? He was Apollos son, but his divine parentage didnt keep him alive after he became too good at his craft, depriving the Underworld gods of their denizens. Alongside the mythology about demigods bringing the dead back to life and a centaur who taught generations of heroes how to tend to their future, battle or quest-incurred wounds, were Greek thinkers and observers who furthered the craft of healing to what we would probably consider scientific levels. Ancient Greece is considered the home of rational medicine and the Hippocratic Oath, but that doesnt mean they rejected all forms of religious healing. Alternative and scientific medicine co-existed in the ancient world just as they do today. Lyttkens says that healing cults took an upswing at the time of the birth of secular medicine and doctors sacrificed to the healing god Asclepius. There were, of course, magicians, charlatans, and quacks, as well as midwives. The main divisions, according to G. M. A. Grube, were temple medicine, medicine connected with physical training, and the medicine of the medical schools. Medical Schools The two most important medical schools were those of Cos (Kos) and Cnidos (Knidos). Cos and Cnidos are in Asia Minor where there was contact with Asia and Egypt, as well as Greece. Practitioners from both these schools did not believe illness was connected with the supernatural. Treatment was holistic, involving diet and exercise. Typical physicians were itinerant craftsmen, although some physicians became public doctors (archiatros poleos) or attached to a household. They practiced rational medicine rather than deducing from philosophical theory. Temple Medicine The two main healing sanctuaries were located in Cos (again; remember religious and secular medicine were not mutually exclusive) and the birthplace of Asclepius, Epidauros (dating from the end of the 6th century). Following a sacrifice, treatment included incubation by which was meant the patient went to sleep. Upon awakening he would either be cured or have received divine instruction in a dream that would be interpreted by experienced priests. Gymnasium Gymnastic treatment, based on experience, relied mainly on athletic training and hygiene (mens sana in corpore sano). Henry says that the trainers were like chemists (druggists/pharmacists) to the Aesclepian priests. Gymnasium personnel administered enemas, bled, dressed wounds and ulcers, and treated fractures. The sophist Herodicus is called the father of gymnastic medicine. He may have taught Hippocrates. Sources Greek Medicine and the Greek Genius, G. M. A. Grube, Phoenix, Vol. 8, No. 4 (Winter, 1954), pp. 123-135Health, Economics and Ancient Greek Medicine,Carl Hampus LyttkensJanuary 2011Lectures On The History Of Medicine (Concluded), Alexander Henry, The British Medical Journal, Vol. 1, No. 172 (Apr. 14, 1860), pp. 282-284

Fighting Music Piracy essays

Fighting Music Piracy essays Ah Internet, what a phenomenal invention! These days absolutely anything is possible to do and to get through the Internet. For instance, some of the most popular positive activities include the availability to instantly access the museums and libraries all across the world, as well as being able to learn about the latest news and events in a matter of seconds. Without doubt, Internet serves the major benefit by providing the immediate access to friends, family, and business associates through email, instant messaging, video conferencing, and other Internet mediums. Obviously, the whole concept of being able to shop from home without making a step out of the door, or even better, without getting up from the chair is always a great help. Also, Internet can provide a trivial knowledge, along with entertainment such as music, movies, books, radio and others. In other words, Internet these days simply became a speedy alternative to the U.S. Postal Service, a tool for enriching the minds of many and a worldwide shopping mall at the same time. Unfortunately, besides the vast amount of benefits that Internet brings to people, it also has become a home to the number of controversial, illegal and even criminal activities that were introduced to the society in the past couple of years. It is easy to see the significance of those unfavorable activities by just simply analyzing the fact that Internet provides an easy access to pornography, which for some reason children, sometimes, seem to be able to find even easier than the adults. Viru and malicious software that affects our home and business computers are extremely popular these days as well. Needless to say, just one big word SPAM, along with the deceptive marketing and scams, brings a lot of head ache to people. This could seem to be like a full list of disadvantages, but unfortunately it is not full just yet. Take a second and see if you can think of any other kind of a massive...

Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 19

Globalization - Essay Example It  Furthered stated that the environmental challenges such as  climate change, cross-boundary  water  and  air pollution, and  over-fishing  of the ocean are linked with globalization.  Globalizing processes is affect by the business  and  work  organization,  economics,  socio-cultural  resources, and the  natural environment.  When you are referring to trade and transactions, globalization has led countries to increase their shares in the world trade resulting greater variation among major regions. For instance, the  newly industrialized economies  (NIEs) of Asia prospered due to globalization while African countries as a whole performed poorly. The countrys exports are an important indicator of success. Manufactured goods are exports soared dominated by developed countries and newly industrialized economies (NIEs). Commodity exported such as food and raw materials were often produced by developing countries while commodities share of total expo rts has declined over periods. The interactions amongst states which was on a global scale confined to Asia, North Africa, the Middle East and certain parts of Europe marked their success in the world of trade.  In the early globalization, it was difficult for states to interact with others who were not within close proximity. The advance technology has allowed states to learn from others who existence in trade markets. The third has to do with  interdependency, stability and regularity. When a state is not depending on other states then there is no way they can mutually affected by another. This is the driving force behind global connections and trade. With globalization states can be able to get what they are not able to produce from other state and supply what they produce to other state. Due to globalization approach and its modern forms have resulted to the  industrial revolution. This is though industrialization standard  production

Death Penalty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Death Penalty - Essay Example Proponents believe it to be neither cruel nor unusual, on the contrary, they think it just and fair. The purpose of this study is to discuss the legal and moral issues that literally are of life and death importance and to demonstrate the Supreme Court’s repeated decisions that allow capital punishment is not only just but necessary to maintain justice and a free society. By definition, capital punishment is not unusual, legally speaking, unless one considers and acknowledges the racial bias that exists in the justice system. Whether or not it is cruel is not definable by law. It can only be defined by the collective social conscious of a culture. The legal interpretation of ‘cruel and unusual’ is somewhat open to debate but in general, the term ‘cruel’ refers to brutal punishments that cause excessive pain. Most legal experts agree that punishments including bodily dismemberment or torture are undoubtedly classified as cruel. Again, terminologies are open to interpretation as evidenced by the current debate at the highest level of government involving the definition of torture. The term ‘unusual’ is commonly understood to define the equitable application of punishment for a particular offense. For example, if ten people were cited for speeding and nine of them were fined $100 but one was fined $1000, this penal ty would be considered ‘unusual.’ Taken together, both ‘cruel’ and ‘unusual’ indicate that the punishment should be exacted in proportion to the offense committed. A life term in prison is an acceptable form of punishment but if it were imposed for jaywalking, this would be an unacceptable sentence because it would be considered excessive given the severity of the offense. Excessive is also open to wide interpretation in both the public and legal realm. Some would argue, for example, that imprisonment of any amount of time for ‘crimes’ such as gambling, prostitution and the